Transgender Economics
Yazarlar (1)
Doç. Dr. Yunus KARA Sinop Üniversitesi, Türkiye
| Makale Türü | Özgün Makale (Uluslararası alan indekslerindeki dergilerde yayınlanan tam makale) | ||
| Dergi Adı | Available at SSRN 5491507 | ||
| Makale Dili | – | Basım Tarihi | 09-2025 |
| Makale Linki | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5491507 | ||
| UAK Araştırma Alanları |
Kadın Sorunları ve Refahı
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| Özet |
| This paper reviews the state of transgender economic research and labor market data, compiling global data on transgender labor market outcomes, representing half a million transgender individuals across 88 countries between 2005 and 2025, with broad geographic coverage outside of the Middle East and North Africa. Transgender workers, on average, earn just 79.4 cents for every dollar earned by cisgender workers. Transgender workers face twice the unemployment rate of cisgender workers (16.3% vs. 8.0%), despite similar labor force participation rates (63.1% vs. 65.9%), leading to a far lower employment rate (53.1% vs. 60.8%). To explain these findings, we provide the first economic model of gender. The model treats gender as a constrained choice: individuals derive utility from expressing their gender identity but must allocate resources to modify their gender expression, creating a tradeoff. If a person's gender expression deviates from social norms tied to their perceived gender, they may face discrimination, reducing their identity payoff. Consequently, individuals must balance the benefits of expressing their gender identity against the costs of discrimination, minority stress, gender dysphoria, and resources. The model predicts key findings in the literature, such as disparities in mental health and labor market outcomes for transgender individuals, the nonlinear effects of gender transitions, the positive impact of gender-affirming care and supportive family environments on mental health, and the negative effects of perceived gender incongruence, conversion therapy, and identity development in unsupportive families. |
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