The effect of low dose caffeine powder supplementation on serve speed, spike speed, and speed-endurance in elite sitting volleyball players: a randomized double-blind crossover study
 
Yazarlar (10)
Azize Bingöl Dıedhıou Türkiye
Dilara Erkan Türkiye
Doç. Dr. Melek Güler Türkiye
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Halit ŞAR Sinop Üniversitesi, Türkiye
Prof. Dr. İzzet Karakulak Türkiye
Doç. Dr. Ender Eyuboğlu Türkiye
Arş. Gör. Mehmet Can GÜNDEM Sinop Üniversitesi, Türkiye
Raci Karayiğit Türkiye
Doç. Dr. Selin Yıldırım Tuncer Lokman Hekim Üniversitesi, Türkiye
Doç. Dr. Ulaş Can YILDIRIM Sinop Üniversitesi, Türkiye
Makale Türü Özgün Makale (SSCI, AHCI, SCI, SCI-Exp dergilerinde yayınlanan tam makale)
Dergi Adı BMC SPORTS SCIENCE MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION (Q1)
Dergi ISSN 2052-1847 Dergi Bilgileri (2025)
Dergi Tarandığı Indeksler SCI-Expanded
Makale Dili Türkçe Basım Tarihi 11-2025
Cilt / Sayı / Sayfa 17 / 1 / 320– DOI 10.1186/s13102-025-01408-8
Makale Linki https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-025-01408-8
UAK Araştırma Alanları
Antrenman Bilimi Egzersiz ve Spor Fizyolojisi Sporda Yetenek Belirleme ve Yönlendirme
Özet
Abstract

Background
Sitting volleyball relies heavily on upper-body strength and anaerobic capacity. Serve, spike, and speed-endurance are decisive skills, yet the ergogenic potential of low-dose caffeine in this Paralympic sport remains unclear.


Purpose
To examine the acute effects of low-dose caffeine (3 mg/kg) supplementation on serve speed, spike speed, and speed-endurance in elite sitting volleyball players.


Methods
Using a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 13 elite male athletes from the Turkish National Sitting Volleyball Team completed serve speed, spike speed, and speed-endurance tests under caffeine (CAF) and placebo (PLA) conditions.


Results

Caffeine intake produced a moderate improvement in serve speed (
p
 = 0.028, d = 0.460); however, this effect did not remain statistically significant after Bonferroni correction (adjusted
p
 = 0.084). No significant effects were observed for spike speed (
p
 = 0.547, d = 0.166) or speed-endurance performance (
p
 = 0.709, d = 0.111). Perceived exertion during the speed-endurance test was similarly high in both conditions.



Conclusions
Low-dose caffeine may offer a trend toward improved serve performance, but the effect was not robust after statistical adjustment, and no benefits were observed for spike speed or speed-endurance. These findings highlight that caffeine’s ergogenic effects are context-dependent and shaped by task complexity and sport-specific motor demands. Further research with larger and more diverse samples, genotype-based subgroups, and varied dosing strategies is warranted to clarify caffeine’s role in adaptive sports.


Trial registration
The randomized controlled trial was retrospectively registered on 21/06/2025 at ClinicalTrials.gov, under the registration number NCT07056231.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Caffeine 1 | Sitting volleyball 2 | Serve speed 3 | Spike speed 4 | Speed-Endurance 5
BM Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları
Atıf Sayıları
Web of Science 1
Google Scholar 2
The effect of low dose caffeine powder supplementation on serve speed, spike speed, and speed-endurance in elite sitting volleyball players: a randomized double-blind crossover study

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